壹 盈利增長有支撐
很多投資人擔憂美聯儲收回流動性會對美股造成較大沖擊。當前,美股估值確實不低。但高估值不是股市回調的理由。股市回調的一個動力是企業盈利下行。從近期美國經濟數據看,經濟仍很強勁,就業持續恢復,消費有支撐。所以,短期還看不到上市公司盈利回調的風險。
貳 看看貨幣體系
另外一個動力就是流動性緊縮超預期。那么美聯儲回收因應對疫情而釋放的巨額流動性面臨怎樣的挑戰呢?從數據來看,這個挑戰恐怕是史無前例的。先看一下美國的貨幣分類。美國的貨幣體系中,M1、M2和M3都被稱作狹義貨幣。按照流動性劃分,M1是指隨時可用來支付的貨幣,它是現金加上支票賬戶和旅行賬戶;M2是M1加上具有一定流動性的存款,包括儲蓄賬戶、貨幣市場賬戶、小額存單、貨幣市場共同基金、隔夜歐洲美元和隔夜回購協議;M3是M2加上某些流動性較差的儲蓄,包括大額存單、機構的貨幣市場賬戶、定期存款和定期的回購協議。所以,流動性而言M1大于M2,M2大于M3。
叁 零期限貨幣
除了這三個指標,還有一個MZM,即零期限貨幣,衡量那些不需要給銀行任何提前通知,所有者即可使用的金融資產。MZM等于M2減去任何定期存款,因為這些存款需要提前通知銀行,加上從M3中劃出來的貨幣市場基金。
肆 增速處在歷史第二高點
MZM存量數據從1960年開始,至今有61年的歷史。其月度同比增速在歷史上有兩個高點,一個是上世紀八十年代,MZM月度同比增速在1983年1月到12月超過20%,最高點為1983年6月和7月,同比增速超過37%;一個就是2020年4月至2021年初,同比增速也超過20%。
伍 通脹壓力較上一次高點大
但是1983年美國全年的消費者價格指數同比增速保持在2.5-3.8%之間,算是一個溫和通脹;而當前美國面臨6%以上的通脹,未來通脹持續保持在高位甚至再創新高都有可能。在這種情況下,回收流動性成為美聯儲的當務之急。截止2021年1月,MZM存量為22萬億美金(下同),相當于美國一年的GDP。2020年2月份,在疫情發生之前,MZM為17萬億。如果MZM要回到疫情前,需要回收5萬億。這對金融市場的潛在沖擊可能不會是輕微的。
陸 市場預期美聯儲將加快回收流動性
A股和港股均小幅上漲。港股公用事業和能源板塊漲幅居前;A股煤炭和白酒漲幅居前,而新能源板塊調整。美國國債收益率繼續攀升,上周首次申請失業救濟人數下降到了19.9萬人,為50年來的最低水平。市場預期美聯儲將在12月的議息會議上加快縮減債券購買計劃。美科技股反彈。因疫情影響,經濟復蘇股回落。
I.Earnings growth would be solid
Investors worry about that the Fed’s tapering and later lifting interest rates would cause stock market to crash. At this moment the US equities are valued at high levels. Yet stocks would not fall only because of high valuation. One factor that would cause stocks to fall is earnings growth slowdown or even decline. The recent economic data showed that the US economy has been very solid. The employment data was better than expected and consumption remained strong. A strong economy supports strong earnings growth of listed companies. The other one is liquidity crunch. Hence,unless the Fed takes back liquidity faster than expected the US stocks would go up.
II.MZM
Then how to evaluate the tasks of taking back liquidity by Fed? The data shows that this task would be unprecedentedly challenging. In the US there is a measure of liquidity called MZM. It measures those money that clients can take out without giving notice to banks in advance.
III.The second highest growth of MZM in history
From 1960 till now the monthly growth rate of MZM has two peak periods. One is from Jan. 1983 to December 1983, when MZM monthly year-on-year (yoy) growth rate reached above 20% and above 37% in June 1983 and July 1983. The other one is from April 2020 to Jan. 2021, when the monthly yoy growth rate reached above 20%.
IV.Inflation is much higher now
But Consumer Price Index only grew at 2.5-3.8% yoy throughout 1983. Currently CPI grew above 6% and might grow even higher going forward. MZM was US$17 trillion in Feb. 2020 before COVID-19 crises and US$22 trillion in Jan. 2021. The Fed would have to take back US 5 trillion to come back to the previous level. This would likely cause market to react strongly.
IV.The Fed is likely to take back liquidity faster
Both A-share and HK stocks rose slightly. Utilities and energy sector rose the most in HK market while coal and liquor sector rose the most in A-share. The US initial jobless claim last week was 199,000, the lowest in about 50 years. The US 10-year treasury yield continuedto rise. The Fed could speed up the end of its US$ 120 billion monthly bond purchase program.
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